The U.S. EPA finalized the lowered PM2.5 Annual NAAQS to 9 μg/m3 on March 6, 2024, with significant implications for nonattainment areas and permitting processes. This presentation will discuss these and other factors in detail from an industry, state, and legal perspective and discuss options to improve the chances for a successful compliance demonstration in attainment areas, and the implications of the nonattainment permitting process in those areas designated nonattainment.